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General Business
Samples
IBM’s Foreign Exchange
Risk Management Policy
IBM has a centralized foreign exchange risk
management policy. The multinational company operates in a business environment
where a number of functional currencies have to be accounted for. On a daily
basis, IBM is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes and foreign
exchange fluctuations. The company manages these risks by following effective
risk management policies and procedures, including the use of derivatives.
Net investment hedges expose the company to
liquidity risk, as they have an immediate cash flow impact on debt maturity
that is not offset by the translation exposure of the underlying hedged equity.
The cash loss potential is monitored on an ongoing basis and the company has
the option of terminating some of these hedging relationships by discontinuing
the derivative instrument to manage the liquidity risk. IBM utilizes
derivatives to offset the changes in fair value of the discontinued instruments
from the date of discontinuation until maturity. In 2008, the company expended
$546 million related to maturities of derivative instruments existing for
qualifying net investment hedge relationships. On December 31, 2008, the
company recognized net liabilities of $244 million, which represented the fair
value of derivative instruments in qualifying net investment hedge
relationships. Of the noted amount, $50 million is expected to mature in the
2009 fiscal year. As of December 31, 2008, the weighted-average remaining
maturity of all derivative instruments designated as net investment hedges was
approximately 2.4 years.
Equity derivatives, including equity swaps
and futures, are utilized to economically hedge the exposures related to
certain employee compensation obligations. These derivatives are linked to the
total return on certain broad equity market indices or the total return on the
company’s common stock.
Overcoming Barriers:
Finding New Markets
Situation
Overview
Consumers in India are showing an
increasing interest in consumer luxury brand merchandise. Louis Vuitton (LVMH)
is searching to find its place in India. LVMH is one of the premier luxury
brands in the world. It was founded in 1854 and produced custom-designed,
high-end luggage. It has progressed since then to first include handbags,
wallets, and other bags, and has recently introduced fashion and accessories to
its line of goods. In order to increase its market area, LVMH is looking to
India, where luxury items and brands have much success and popularity. There
are, however, potential barriers, which could limit the success LVMH has in
gaining a place in the Indian trade market.
Key
Problems for Decision Makers
There are a few problems for LVMH
and its attempts to market its merchandise in India. Strategies must be
developed to counteract these potential issues. First, consumers must be
reached. In order to do this, it will be necessary for company decision makers
to establish what consumers purchase luxury items, as well as why, and to
determine the right locations to place their luxury retail goods. Second,
economic barriers that inhibit the foundation for an appropriate financial
infrastructure are prohibitive of LVMH’s success in the Indian market. Third,
the design infrastructure of India itself creates barriers against the
expansion of luxury products in India. Last, to remain competitive in India,
Louis Vuitton must remain competitive in other world markets.
Recommendations
for Decision Makers
In order for LVMH to be a viable
Indian distributor, it must address the potential problems and develop solutions.
The company needs to find the proper locations for its retail sales, including
specialty malls and high-end real estate, in order to find consumers to buy
their products. LVMH must also contend with both of the infrastructure problems
in India, finding ways to financially benefit in spite of high tariffs, and
determining ways to overcome traffic issues and utility problems associated
with retail expansion. Lastly, LVMH must begin to concentrate on other retail
items such as jewelry in order to both retain global popularity and gain
popularity in India. Additionally, to add to LVMH’s popularity, it is necessary
to establish popularity with the wealthy class in India that does not already
purchase Louis Vuitton products.
Rebuilding Ford
Ford’s
main goal is to be the leading vehicle manufacturer in the automotive industry.
In order to accomplish this, the company must increase its vehicle sales and
combat the recession. Although there are still consumers in both the American
and foreign markets who are buying vehicles, many consumers are turning to
companies such as Honda and Toyota. To maintain consumer loyalty and trust,
Ford must change some of the perceptions the American consumer has about the
company. First, Ford must make sure it is financially stable enough to operate
its own company. This can be accomplished by ensuring that there are more
profits than expenditures. To increase profits, Ford must negotiate with the
United Auto Workers union to find a compromise with its workers and its salary
expenditures.
Ford must also contend with consumer
perception of its company. One important factor in this is in advertising. To
appeal to a younger consumer, Ford has already started new advertising
campaigns that incorporate blogging, a technology that has been tapped into
little by the automotive industry. Ford should also incorporate Twitter,
Facebook, and MySpace into its advertising promotions and campaigns. These new
technologies will allow Ford to reach the buyer it is looking for.
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English and
Literature Samples
The Metamorphosis:
Gregor Samsa’s Choice of Isolation
There are many examples of Gregor Samsa’s
isolation from his family and the rest of the world in “The Metamorphosis.”
Gregor spends much of his time with only himself. The story presents the
isolation of Gregor and how those around him, including his boss and his
family, have separated him from everyone else. In the end, Gregor’s own choices
have created his isolation and his metamorphosis into a giant insect symbolizes
these choices.
Gregor must work for his boss in order to pay
off his parents’ debt and it contributes to his isolation. He works by himself
and remains isolated while traveling. In the beginning of the story, Gregor
complains saying he worries about “temporary and constantly changing human relationships
which never come from the heart.” He then states, “To hell with it all!” Gregor
has also cut himself off from other human relationships. It is obvious that he
desires romantic companionship. In his room, he “hung the
picture which he had recently cut out of an illustrated magazine” of a woman that he
admires. Gregor is unable to form a relationship with a woman, perhaps because
of his need to support his family and gain their approval. Gregor’s family,
however, is interested in him only for as long as he can support them.
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Robert Frost:
Reconsidering the Path in Life Not Chosen
Robert Frost is one of America’s most well
known poets. Frost often depicted rural scenes in his poetry and used natural
elements to illustrate and symbolize emotions or other intangible ideas. “The
Road Not Taken” is one of Frost’s most famous poems. In it, Frost debates which
of two paths to take when he comes to a fork in the road. The choice is
symbolic of choosing his path in life, and he knows that whichever one he takes
may not be the right choice. The two roads in Frost’s “The Road Not Taken”
symbolize how people invent or define their own path in life and how the choice
of which path to follow leads to doubt, regret, and curiosity about the road
not chosen.
The title of the poem is the first indication
the reader has for understanding that Frost is questioning the path he chose,
rather than accepting it as the right choice with no doubts. The title “The
Road Not Taken” suggests that Frost is reconsidering his choice about the path
he has not chosen and is not celebrating or considering the path that was
chosen. Instead, the poem is about the path that was not chosen and how that
choice has determined his life.
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A Brief Moment of
Fertility, Femininity, and Strength
In the story “The Chrysanthemums” by
John Steinbeck, Elisa Allen’s life is represented by the chrysanthemums that
she painstakingly and perfectly cultivates each year in her garden. There is
little in the main character’s life that is not barren. Her marriage, implied
lack of children, and lost sexuality are the emptiness of her existence. The
chrysanthemums fill this void. The chrysanthemums ultimately symbolize Elisa’s
need for a maternal role, sexual fulfillment, and emotional strength in her
life.
Steinbeck wrote that Elisa “looked
blocked and heavy in her gardening costume” and she wore a “man’s black hat.”
This explains Elisa’s feelings of her lack of femininity, setting her up as a
masculine figure. The story implies that Elisa and her husband Henry do not
have children. Usually the ultimate definition of femininity or womanhood,
Elisa life is void of this maternal role, except when she is caring for her
flowers, which are an extension of her (Kottmyer 2).
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Communications and
Media Samples
Internet
vs. Newspapers
The status of the newspaper business was in
doubt even before the internet. Newspapers were under attack from other media
before the internet became hugely popular.
Like theaters, which television was predicted to drive out of business, the
predictions of their death may be premature.
Nearly every neighborhood has at least weekly mail or hand delivered
free “shopper’s papers” competing for the local advertising dollars. In an
effort to capture the large group of non-newspaper readers, some papers have
created small mini-papers, which they distribute free. The advent of 24/7 cable
news stations made the newspaper seem outdated as it was printed. With the
ability to shop and buy on Craigslist or eBay, consumers no longer needed the
“stream of gold” as Rupert Murdoch described the classifieds. Despite these competitors, on a given day
there were still 55 million newspapers sold in the U.S. (2005 figures).
The internet is seen as a threat of a
different magnitude —a major change in the life habits and behaviors of the
nation. It is also seen as a direct
threat to daily newspapers (Patterson, 2007).
The threat of the internet is that the daily newspaper may become
irrelevant to younger generations while the internet captures the attention of
the most desirable demographics for advertisers (Carnegie, 2008).
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How the World Wide
Web Has Changed the World
Science Samples
Roger Moore’s film “Sicko” is an indictment
of the American health care system. The film follows several different
storylines to exemplify the sociological impact of the United States’ flawed
system. In addition, within each of the stories Moore includes, a sociological
perspective is exemplified. Symbolic interaction, the structural-functionalist
perspective, and the social-conflict perspective can be seen throughout
“Sicko.”
In his film, Moore makes it clear that the
two biggest problems with health care in the United States are that not
everyone is automatically covered by health insurance and that those who are
cannot always pay their medical bills or get insurance companies to pay for
their medical conditions or procedures. Moore shows the audience that people
who are denying insurance claims are upset by the state of the American health
care system. In each of Moore’s examples, as well as others in the film, each
sociological theory is demonstrated.
Symbolic interaction is the study of
society within individuals and small groups. Interaction occurs between
individuals with shared symbols, gestures, and nonverbal communications. This
sociological theory emphasizes that humans are social creatures and require
interaction to thrive. It is through this interaction that norms are
established. Symbolic interaction is important to Roger Moore’s “Sicko” because
it explains what the effects are and how meanings are understood through the
process of defining health care.
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Acoustic Treatment in
Live Rooms
When designing or constructing a music
control or live room, the architecture and design of the space, in terms of
acoustic treatment, should be considered. This component of mixing and
recording music is as important a factor in sound quality as the type of
equipment used. Experts in the music, architecture, and design fields generally
agree on the importance of acoustic treatment in both home and professional
studios. However, the different ways to improve acoustics and the importance of
different variables varies widely among these same experts. Three particular
articles discuss relative inexpensive improvements that can be made to home studios
to improve the quality of the room acoustics. While the authors of each
respective article support the information of the others, there are differences
in the suggestions made in each article for the most effective way to
acoustically treat home music studios.
White and Robjohns (2007) discuss
the importance of improving a home studio acoustically over the importance of
having expensive equipment to try and get the best sound. In order to do this,
the authors suggest that using absorbers in small home studios is the most
efficient way to enhance acoustics and limit the amount of sound reflection
that occurs. The authors further suggest that diffusers should be used only in
larger studios or rooms to deflect sound waves because diffusion is not effective
in small spaces. White and Robjohns (2007) also note the importance of using
absorbing materials that will be effective in low, mid, and high frequencies in
order to get the best sound quality from the room. Bass traps, in particular,
are discussed in depth, emphasizing the importance of effectively managing bass
reflections. The purpose of a bass trap is to lower the amount of reflections
in a room and even out the fluctuations. According to White and Robjohns,
damped panels should be used for the bass traps. Bass traps are designed
specifically to absorb problem low frequency bass sounds. Nicholls, as well as
White and Robjohns, note that absorbers should not be used for bass problems.
Winer, however, notes that “the best bass traps for all rooms are those that
absorb the entire range of low frequencies” and sound-absorbing tiles should be
used in bass traps.
Government and
Political Science Samples
Overcoming Communism, Totalitarianism, and Mao Zedong in Modern C
The Chinese Communist Party was catapulted into power in China when Mao Zedong began supporting the party with the organization of peasant armies in 1925. When Mao finally rose to the highest political and government power in 1949 in China, he brought complete communism and totalitarian rule of the country’s people with him. Mao’s immersion and eventual control of the Chinese Communist Party changed China from that point until now. In order to gain control of the Chinese state and government, he constantly employed revolutionary and political tactics to destroy his enemies. Until his death in 1976, Mao waged a war on foreign enemies and the Chinese people he perceived to be domestic enemies who had questioned his power or could be a threat to it. While gaining and maintaining control, Mao changed not only the political climate in China, but also the social, economic, and cultural face of the country. Mao’s implementation of communism and totalitarianism into the infrastructures of Chinese society, culture, economics, environment and government contributed to the shaping and changing of the country from the time beginning before his rule to the present.
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